Group work process

Step 1:     Pre-group (group formation) phase

The pre-group phase is the crucial initial stage in the group work process where the foundation for the entire group is established. During this phase, the social worker or group facilitator carefully plans the purpose, structure, and logistics of the group. This includes identifying the goals the group aims to achieve, selecting members who will benefit from and contribute to the group, deciding the ideal size, and arranging practical details like meeting times and locations. The facilitator also considers members’ needs, backgrounds, and potential compatibility to create a cohesive and functional group. Proper planning at this stage helps ensure that the group’s objectives are clear and attainable, and it sets expectations for member participation.

For example, if a social worker is forming a support group for adults recovering from addiction, they might first assess the specific needs of potential members through interviews or surveys. They would then select individuals whose recovery goals align and who are likely to benefit from peer support. The facilitator might plan weekly meetings in a quiet community center and develop guidelines that encourage confidentiality and respect. By carefully organizing these elements before the group begins, the facilitator increases the chances of a positive and supportive group experience that fosters trust and cooperation among members.

Step 2:     Initial (first meetings) phase

The initial phase marks the official beginning of the group meetings, where members come together for the first time and begin the process of forming relationships. During this stage, the social worker’s primary task is to create a safe and welcoming environment where members feel comfortable sharing and participating. This phase focuses on introductions, clarifying the group’s purpose and goals, and establishing ground rules or norms that will guide behavior and interaction within the group. Building trust is critical at this stage, as it lays the foundation for open communication and cooperation.

For example, in a group formed to support teenagers dealing with anxiety, the first meeting might involve members introducing themselves and sharing what brought them to the group. The facilitator might guide a discussion about confidentiality, respect, and the importance of listening. Members may be encouraged to express their expectations and concerns, which helps the group develop a sense of safety and belonging. By the end of these initial meetings, group members begin to feel connected and motivated to work together, setting the stage for deeper engagement in the subsequent phases.

Step 3:     Middle (Active working) phase

The middle phase is the core part of the group work process where members actively engage in working toward the group’s goals. During this phase, the group moves beyond initial introductions and begins to explore issues, share experiences, and practice new skills in a supportive environment. Members develop deeper trust and cohesion, allowing more honest communication and constructive feedback. Conflicts or differences of opinion may arise, but these are seen as opportunities for growth and learning when managed effectively by the group facilitator.

For example, in a group aimed at helping unemployed adults improve job-seeking skills, this phase might include workshops on resume writing, interview practice, and sharing personal job search experiences. The facilitator encourages participation and helps members support each other by exchanging advice and motivation. As members collaborate and learn, their confidence and social skills improve, leading to tangible progress toward their employment goals. The active working phase is where the group’s real work and transformation happen.

Step 4:     Evaluation of the group

The evaluation phase is an essential part of the group work process where both the members and the facilitator reflect on the progress and effectiveness of the group. During this phase, the group assesses whether the goals set in the beginning have been met, what challenges were encountered, and how well members participated and benefited from the group experience. Evaluation can be done through discussions, feedback sessions, or formal assessments, and it helps to identify strengths, areas for improvement, and any changes needed in the group’s approach.

For example, in a parenting skills group, members and the facilitator might review what parenting techniques were learned and practiced, how members have applied these skills in their daily lives, and what difficulties they still face. The group might share personal reflections and provide constructive feedback to each other. This phase helps members recognize their achievements and motivates them to continue using what they’ve learned outside the group setting. It also allows the facilitator to adjust future group plans based on the evaluation.

Step 5:     Terminating/ending the group phase

The terminating phase is the final stage of the group work process where the group prepares to conclude its activities and members begin to say goodbye. This phase involves reflecting on the group’s journey, consolidating what has been learned, and helping members process their feelings about ending the group. The facilitator plays a key role in guiding the group through closure by encouraging members to share their experiences, acknowledge their progress, and discuss plans for continuing personal growth outside the group.

For example, in a grief support group, the final sessions might focus on members sharing how the group has helped them cope with loss and what strategies they will use going forward. The facilitator might lead a discussion on maintaining support networks beyond the group and ways to stay connected. This phase helps members gain a sense of completion, reduces anxiety about separation, and strengthens their confidence to apply what they’ve learned independently.

A planned and thoughtful ending is essential to provide closure, honor the group’s achievements, and prepare members for their next steps beyond the group setting.

Definition and Objectives of Social Group work