10 Definition of Culture
“Culture … is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” (Edward Burnett Tylor, 1871)
Culture is “the totality of the mental and physical reactions and activities that characterize the behavior of individuals composing a social group … It also includes the products of these activities and their role in the life of the groups. The mere enumerations … does not constitute culture. It is more, for its elements are not independent, they have a structure.” (Franz Boas, 1911)
“Culture means the whole complex of traditional behavior which has been developed by the human race and is successively learned by each generation.” (Margaret Mead, 1937)
“Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behaviour acquired and transmitted by symbols … the essential core of culture consists of traditional … ideas and especially their attached values … culture systems … as products of action, and … conditioning elements of further action.” (Alfred L. Kroeber & Clyde Kluckhohn, 1952)
“the configuration of learned behavior and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the member of a particular society.” (Ralph Linton, 1945)
Humans are “an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun; I take culture to be those webs… the analysis of it … an interpretive one in search of meaning.” (Clifford Geertz, 1973)
Culture is “the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.” (Geert Hofstede, 1984)
“The pattern of life within a community, the regularly recurring activities and material and social arrangements characteristic of a particular group.” (Ward Goodenough, 1957)
Culture is “a system of symbols that facilitate interaction,” comprising “publicly and collectively accepted meanings operating for a given group at a given time. This system … interprets a people’s own situation to themselves.” (Triandis, 1989)
Culture is “a fuzzy set of basic assumptions and values, orientations to life, beliefs, policies, procedures, and behavioural conventions that are shared by a group of people, and that influence (but do not determine) each member’s behaviour and their interpretations of the meaning of other people’s behaviour.” (Spencer-Oatey, 2008)
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